Joseph Needham (1900-1995) was a brilliant scholar and later a brilliant eccentric scientist, particularly fascinated with China and all things Chinese. In 1937 he met the love of his life (although he remained happily it seemed to his wife), Lu Gwei-djen, a Chinese graduate scholar who came to work with him at Cauis College. Gwei-djen taught him Chinese and his love for China and his paramour remained until his death nearly six decades later. In those intervening years, he traveled extensively in China, gathering written tomes of knowledge of China and meeting individuals who could explain more about China and its ancient past. In 1948, he proposed a project to the Cambridge University Press for writing a book on Science and Civilisation in China. The project was accepted and consumed the rest of Needham's life. He wrote prolifically and yet his amassed knowledge just never seemed to confine the great knowledge and achievements of the hitherto unknown and unacknowledged record of inventive superiority. When his first volume came out, written almost singularly by himself, the world was amazed ... and all 5,000 copies sold out, and in even though printed in regular intervals, the book has never to this day gone out of print!
Following are a list of inventions alone that the Chinese in their inventive brilliance achieved. What really puzzled Needham, the Needham question he never could really answer, was "Why did China suddenly stop inventing around 1500AD, when they had already achieved so much, but the West was to prove that from about this date, that there still was so much to achieve?" The question stumped him, and still continues to provoke question and query amongst sinologists today.
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CHINESE INVENTIONS and DISCOVERIES
(with dates of first documentation as discovered/compiled by Joseph Needham in his multiple volume anthologies on Science and Civilisation in China):
Abacus AD 190 Acupuncture 580 BC Advisory vessels 3rd century BC Air-conditioning fan AD 180 Alcohol made from grain by a special fermentation process 15th century BC Algorithm for extraction for square and cube roots 1st century AD Anatomy 11th century AD Anchor, nonfouling stockless 1st century AD Anemometer 3rd century AD Antimalaria drugs 3rd century AD Arcuballista, multiple-bolt 320 BC Arcuballista, multiple-spring 5th century AD Asbestos woven into cloth 3rd century BC Astronomical cloth drive AD 120 Axial rudder 1st century AD Ball bearings 2nd century BC Balloon principle 2nd century BC Bean curd AD 100 Bell, pottery 3rd millennium BC Bellows, double-acting piston-tuned bronze 6th century BC Belt drive 5th century Beriberi, recognition of AD 1330 Blast furnace 3rd century BC Blood, distinction between arterial and venous 2nd century BC Blood, theory of circulation 2nd century BC Boats and ships, paddle-wheel AD 418 Bomb, cast-iron AD 1221 Bomb, thrown from a trebuchet AD 1161 Book, printed, first to be dated AD 868 Book, scientific, printed AD 847 Bookcase, vertical axis AD 544 Bookworm repellent Bowl, bronze water-spouting 3rd century BC Bread, steamed Bridges, releasable 4th century BC Bridges, iron-chain suspension 6th century AD Bridges, Li Chhun’s segmental arch AD 610 Bronze, high tin, for mirror production Bronze rainbow teng (camphor still) 1st century BC Calipers AD 9 Camera obscura, explanation of AD 1086 “Cardan” suspension 140 BC Cast iron 5th century BC Cast iron—malleable 4th century BC Cereals, preservation of stored 1st century BC Chain drive AD 976 Chess 4th century BC Chimes, stone 9th century BC Chopsticks 600 BC Clocks, sand AD 1370 Clocks, Su Sung’s AD 1088 Clockwork escapement of Yi Xing and Liang Lingzan AD 725 Coal, as a fuel 1st century AD Coal, dust, briquettes from 1st century AD Coinage 9th century BC Collapsible umbrella and other items 5th century BC Comet tails, observation of direction of AD 635 Compass, floating fish AD 1027 Compass, magnetic needle Ad 1088 Cooking pots, heat economy in 3rd millennium BC Crank handle 1st century BC Crop rotation 6th century BC Crossbow 5th century BC Crossbow, bronze triggers 300 BC Crossbow, grid sight for 1st century AD Crossbow, magazine 13th century AD Dating of trees by number of rings 12th century AD Decimal place value 13th century BC Deep drilling and use of natural gas as fuel 2nd century BC Diabetes, association with sweet and fatty foods 1st century BC Dial and pointer 3rd century AD Differential pressure Disease, diurnal rhythms in 2nd century BC Diseases, deficiency 3rd century AD Dishing of carriage wheel Distillation of mercury 3rd century BC Dominoes AD 1120 Downdraft 1st century BC Dragon kiln 2nd century AD Draw loom 1st century AD Drum carriage 110 BC Diked/poldered fields 1st century BC Ephedrine 2nd century AD Equal temperament, mathematical formulation of AD 1584 Equilibrium, theory of 4th century BC Erosion and sedimentary deposition, knowledge of AD 1070 Esculentist movement (edible plants for time of famine) AD 1406 Ever-normal granary system AD 9 Fertilizers 2nd century BC Firecrackers AD 290 Firelance AD 950 Flame test Flamethrower (double-acting force pump for liquids) AD 919 Folding chairs 3rd century AD Free reed 1000 BC Fumigation 7th century BC Furnace, reverberatory 1st century BC Gabions 3rd century BC Gauges, rain and snow AD 1247 Gear wheels, chevron-toothed AD 50 Ginning machine, hand-cranked, and treadle 17th century AD Gluten from wheat AD 530 Gold, purple sheen 200 BC Grafting AD 806 Gravimetry AD 712 Great Wall of China 3rd century BC Grid technique, quantitative, used in cartography AD 130 Guan xien system 240 BC Gunpowder, formula for 9th century AD Gunpowder, firecracker and fireworks 12th century AD Gunpowder, government’s department and monopoly on 14th century AD Gunpowder, used in mining Ming Handcarts 681 BC Handgun AD 1128 Harness, breast strap 250 BC Harness, collar AD 477 Helicopter top AD 320 High temperatures, firing of clay at 2nd millennium BC Hodometer 110 BC Holing-irons AD 584 “Hot streak” test AD 1596 Hygrometer 120 BC Indeterminate analysis 4th century AD Interconversion of longitudinal and rotary motion AD 31 Kite 4th century BC Knife, rotary disk, for cutting jade 12th century AD Lacquer 13th century BC Ladders, extendable 4th century BC Leeboards and centerboards AD 751 Loadstone, south-pointing ladle AD 83 Magic mirrors 5th century AD Magic squares AD 190 Magnetic declination noted AD 1040 Magnetic thermoremanence and induction AD 1044 Magnetic variation observed AD 1436 Magnetism, used in medicine AD 970 Malt sugar, production of 1st millennium BC Mangonel 4th century BC Maps, relief AD 1086 Maps, topographical 3rd century BC Masts, multiple 3rd century AD Matches (nonstriking) AD 577 Melodic composition AD 475 Metal amalgams used to fill cavities AD 659 Metals, to oxides, burning of 5th century BC Metals, densities of 3rd century AD Mill, wagon AD 340 Mills, edge-runner 200 BC Mills, edge-runner, water-power applied 4th century AD Mining, square sets for 5th century BC Mining, differential pressure ventilation 5th century BC Mirror with “light penetration surface” 11th century BC Mold board 2nd century BC Mountings, vertical and horizontal 1st century AD Mouth-organs 9th century BC Moxibustion 3rd century BC Multiple-spindle silk-twisting frame AD 1313 Negative numbers, operations using 1st century AD Noodles (filamentous) including bread AD 100 Nova, recorded observation of 13th century BC Numerical equations of higher order, solution of 13th century AD Oil lamps, economic 9th century AD Paktong (cupronickel) AD 230 Paper (invention of) 300 BC Paper, money 9th century AD Paper, toilet AD 589 Paper, wall 16th century AD Paper, wrapping 2nd century BC Parachute principle 8th century AD “Pascal” triangle of binomial coefficients AD 1100 Pasteurization of wine AD 1117 Pearl fishing conservancy 2nd century AD Pearls in oysters, artificial induction of AD 1086 “Pi,” accurate estimation of 3rd century AD Piece molding for casting bronze 2nd millennium BC Place-value number system 13th century BC Placenta used as source of estrogen AD 725 Planispheres AD 940 Plant protection, biological AD 304 Planting in rows 3rd century BC Playing cards AD 969 Polar-equatorial coordinates 1st century BC Polar-equatorial mounting of astronomical instruments AD 1270 Porcelain 3rd century BC Potassium, flame-test used in identifying 3rd century AD Pound-lock canal gates AD 984 Preservation of corpses 166 BC Printing, bronze type AD 1403 Printing, moveable earthenware type on paper 11th century AD Printing, multicolor 12th century AD Printing, with woodblocks 7th century AD Propeller oar, self-feathering AD 100 Prospecting, biogeochemical 6th century AD Prospecting, geological 4th century BC Qin and se zither Recording of sun halves, parhelic specters, and Lowitz arcs AD 635 Reel on fishing rod 3rd century AD Refraction 4th century BC Rocket arrow 13th century AD Rocket arrow launchers AD 1367 Rocket arrows, winged AD 1360 Rockets, two-stage AD 1360 Roller-harrows AD 880 Rotary ballista AD 240 Rotary fan 1st century BC Sailing carriage 16th century AD Sails, mat and batten 1st century AD Salvage, underwater AD 1064 Seawalls AD 80 Seed, pretreatment of 1st century BC Seed drill, multiple-tube AD 155 “Seedling horse” 11th century AD Seismograph AD 132 Ships, construction principle of 1st century BC Ships, paddle-wheel 5th century AD Silk, earliest spinning of 2850 BC Silk, reeling machine AD 1090 Silk warp doubling and throwing frame 10th century AD Sluices 3rd century BC Sluices, riffles added to 11th century AD Smallpox, inoculation against 10th century AD Smokescreens AD 178 Snow crystals, six-sided symmetry of 135 BC Soil science (ecology) 5th century BC South-pointing carriage AD 120 Soybean, fermented 200 BC Sprouts, for medicinal and nutritional purposes 2nd century BC Spindle wheel 5th century BC Spindle wheel, multiple spindle 11th century AD Spindle wheel, treadle-operated 1st century AD Spooling frame AD 1313 Square pallet chain pump AD 186 Stalactites and stalagmites, records of 4th century BC Stars, proper motion of AD 725 Steamers, pottery 5th millennium BC Steel production, confusion method of 6th century AD Sterilization by steaming AD 980 Steroids, urinary AD 1025 Still, Chinese-type 7th century AD Stirrup AD 300 Stringed instruments 9th century BC Tea, as drink 2nd century BC Thyroid treatment 1st century BC Tian yuan algebraic notation AD 1248 Tilt-hammer, water-powered spoon AD 1145 Toothbrush 9th century AD Trebuchet (simple) 4th century BC Trip hammers 2nd century BC Trip hammers, water-powered AD 20 Vinegar 2nd century BC Watermills, geared 3rd century AD Waterwheel, horizontal AD 31 Weather vane 120 BC Wet copper method 11th century AD Wheelbarrow, centrally mounted 30 BC Wheelbarrow, with sails 6th century AD Windlass, well 120 BC Windows, revolving 5th century BC Winnowing machine 1st century BC Wu tong black palatinated copper 15th century AD Zoetrope AD 180
Simon Winchester writes a phenomenal look at Joseph Needham as a man with multifaceted brilliance in science, math, history, and the list goes on. He must have had a photographic or near-photographic memory to retain and organize the massive amounts of information that passed through his ear and eye portals. To read more, check out Winchester's book The Man Who Loved China: The Fantastic Story of the Eccentric Scientist Who Unlocked the Mysteries of the Middle Kingdom. The above list of inventions and discoveries is taken from Winchester's first appendix.
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